Appendix VI

SYLLABUS FOR OPERA ION AND MAINTENANCE STAFF IN EXTRA HIGH
VOLTAGE SUB-STATION

Item No	Particulars	Number of hours
I	Layout and location of 220/132/66/33HV sub-station.	4
II	Main equipments used, together with their specifications.	3
III	Construction of high voltage lines, types of towers, types of insulators and their electrical and mechanical characteristics.	3
IV	High tension feeders, their load carrying capacities.	1
V	(i) Alternating and direct currents, relation between voltage, current, power, reactive power and common units in use. Power factor, Ohm's Law, resistance, reactance, impedance, percentage impedance. Three phase vectors phase, displacement between current and voltage.	3
	(ii) Basic principles of transformation, magnetisation,hysteresis, reluctance, retentivity, electromagnets. Flux density, ampereturns equation, for transformation, etc.	4
	(iii) Two winding, three winding and auto-transformers, grounding transformers, salient features of shell type and core type transformers, hot rolled and cold rolled steel cores, stampings and their assembly. Different vector groups and terminal connections	4
	(iv) Transformer fixtures, e.g., bachholz relay, on-load and off-load tap changer, breathers, conservators, bushings of different types, thermometers, indicators, alarms.	4
	(v) cooling of transformer and oil, different methods of cooling, importance of oil filtering and drying-out of transformers, di-electric strength of oil, different varieties of filters and their comparison types of radiators.
	(vi) Transformer tests-failure and causes, maintenance and repairs.	3
	(vii) Parallel operation, regulation, voltage control, tap changing, commissioning tests.	5
VI	Breakers (i) Functions of breakers, their action. (ii) Different types of outdoor and indoor breaks, e.g. bulk oil, minimum oil and air blast, principles and their applications. (iii) Operating mechanism, manual, spring, hydraulic pneumatic, motor. (iv) Current rating, rupturing capacity , clearance time. (v) Breaker maintenance, failures and their ca uses, Commissioning procedure	8
VII	Busbars : (i) Indoorbusbars, their capacity , forces on them during short circuit, busbar mountings and their clearances. (ii) Strung and tubular type busbars, their current ratings, supports, jumpers, clearances. (iii) Busbar fittings and connectors. (iv) High voltage and extra-high voltage cables, types, their maintenance and testing.	6
VIII	Current and potential transformers: (i) Types of current and potential transformers, their working principles, ratings, accuracies. (ii) Functions of current and potential transformers. (iii) Failure of current and potential transformers, their causes	3
IX	Isolators: (i) Tilting and rotating isolators, with and without arcing horns, earthing blades, current rating, breaking of circuit by isolator, interlocking with circuit breaker. (ii) Maintenance of isolators
XII	Auxiliary supply: (i) Current and ampere-hour ratings of batteries, battery charging equipment, checking of specific gravity of electrolyte, maintenance of batteries. (ii) Importance of direct current supply and its functions. (iii) Auxiliary direct current supply.	3
XIII	Clearances and Compliance of I.E. Rules, 1956 : (i) Minimum clearance for different voltages between phases and phase to ground. (ii) Indian Electricity Rules pertaining to sub-stations.	3
XIV	.Earthing: (i) Safety earthing and system earthing, the method of earthing e.g., solid earthing, resistance earthing, peterson coil earthing, earthing of lightning arrestor, importance and advantages of each type.ii) Different types of earth electrodes, earthing mats, recommended values of earth resistance, measurement of earth resistance.	3
XV	Maintenance: Maintenance of logsheet and other records. The	3
X	Lightning arrestors: (i) Simple description of lightning phenomena and surges. (ii) Construction of lightning arrestors and the principles of (iii) Different type of lightning arrestors and ratings. (iv) Earthing and location of lightning arrestors.	3
XI	.Control Room : (i) Necessity and function of a control board, types of boards, (ii) Functions of the various relays and indicators, mimic relays, testing and setting of relays. (iii) Remote control of breakers, isolators, tap changers, (iv) Control and power cables.
XII	Auxiliary supply: (i) Current and ampere-hour ratings of batteries, battery charging equipment, checking of specific gravity of electrolyte, maintenance of batteries. (ii) Importance of direct current supply and its functions. (iii) Auxiliary direct current supply.	3
XIII	. Clearances and Compliance of I.E. Rules, 1956 : 3 (i) Minimum clearance for different voltages between phases and phase to ground. (ii) Indian Electricity Rules pertaining to sub-stations.
XIV	.Earthing: (i) Safety earthing and system earthing, the method of earthing e.g., solid earthing, resistance earthing, peterson coil earthing, earthing of lightning arrestor, importance and advantages of (ii) Different types of earth electrodes, earthing mats, recommended values of earth resistance, measurement of earth resistance.	3
XV	Maintenance: Maintenance of logsheet and other records. The	3
XII	Auxiliary supply: (i) Current and ampere-hour ratings of batteries, battery charging equipment, checking of specific gravity of electrolyte, maintenance of batteries. (ii) Importance of direct current supply and its functions. (iii) Auxiliary direct current supply	3
XVI	Safety : (i) Safety procedures and procedures for giving line clear and taking it back. Maintenance of records of line clear. (ii) First-aid, artificial respiration and shock treatment.	10
XVll.	Interlocking and sequential operation of different equipments	. 1
XVllI	Synchronising charging and discharging of high voltage lines. Live line testing.	3
XIX	Calibration and testing of various types of equipments indicating and measuring equipments, recorders, analysers.	4
XX	Handling emergency conditions.	3
XXI.	Diagnosing troubles in the plant from instruments and
XXII	Study of carrier system.	2
XX	Auxiliary equipments such as compressors. Station lighting, etc.	1
XXIV	Fire-fighting equipment-their operations, maintenance and refilling. .	1
XXV	Personnel management, duties and responsibilities, labour welfare and labour law	4
	Total Hours	115